Fig. 7

Real-time PCR assay for mRNA expression levels of caspase 8, TNF, SOD, and NF-κB in AGS cells treated with different concentrations of NCC/CTAB/FA/Quercetin NPs. (A) Caspase 8 expression significantly increases at 30 µg/mL in the cells treated with NCC/CTAB/FA/Quercetin NPs, indicating enhanced apoptosis. (B) TNF and (C) NF-κB expressions decrease at 3 and 30 µg/mL, suggesting anti-inflammatory effects and potentially reducing tumorigenesis. (D) SOD shows low expression at 1 and 3 µg/mL but recovers at 30 µg/mL, indicating a dose-dependent enhancement of antioxidant capacity. The data is presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and statistical significance is denoted as * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01