Fig. 5

Flow cytometry analysis of apoptosis in AGS cells treated with NCC/CTAB/FA/Quercetin NPs. Control cells showed minimal early (2.93%) and late (2.27%) apoptotic rates. At 1 µg/mL, early and late apoptosis increased to 9.52% and 13.2%. At 3 µg/mL, these rose to 18.3% and 26.3%, and at 30 µg/mL, 14.8% were in early apoptosis and 40.9% in late apoptosis, indicating dose-dependent apoptosis induction