Fig. 4

Cytotoxic effects of NCC/CTAB/FA/Quercetin NPs on cancer cell lines. NPs significantly reduce cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, as observed in A2780 (A) and AGS (B). In contrast, HDF cells (C) show reduced viability only at higher concentrations. The IC50 values are 16.04 µg/mL for A2780, 3.2 µg/mL for AGS, and 50.21 µg/mL for HDF, indicating that cancer cells are selectively targeted. The data is presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and statistical significance is denoted as ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001