Fig. 2

Schematic representation of the synthesis mechanism of crude keratinase-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using AgNO₃ as a precursor. The enzymatic reduction of Ag⁺ ions by crude keratinase leads to the formation of AgNPs. Key steps include the interaction of Ag⁺ with crude keratinase, nucleation, and stabilization of AgNPs. Spectroscopic and morphological analyses confirm the successful synthesis and stability of AgNPs