Table 1 Various type of metal oxide NPs in biomedicine

Fe₃O₄ (Magnetite)

Drug delivery, MRI contrast agents, hyperthermia treatment

High magnetic properties, biocompatibility

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[2]

CeO₂ (Cerium Oxide)

Antioxidant therapy, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory

Excellent antioxidant properties, biocompatibility

Long-term toxicity, accumulation in organs

[3]

Al₂O₃ (Alumina)

Dental implants, bone tissue engineering, wound healing

High mechanical strength, biocompatibility

Potential cytotoxicity, limited biodegradability

[4]

SiO₂ (Silica)

Drug delivery, biosensing, imaging

High surface area, biocompatibility, easy functionalization

Potential toxicity at high doses, stability issues

[5]

MnO₂ (Manganese Dioxide)

MRI contrast agents, drug delivery, cancer therapy

High MRI contrast, catalytic activity

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[6]

WO₃ (Tungsten Oxide)

Photothermal therapy, biosensing

High photothermal conversion efficiency, biocompatibility

Limited research on long-term effects, potential toxicity

[7]

ZrO₂ (Zirconium Dioxide)

Dental implants, bone tissue engineering, biosensing

High mechanical strength, biocompatibility

Potential cytotoxicity, limited biodegradability

[8]

SnO₂ (Tin Oxide)

Biosensing, gas sensing, cancer therapy

High sensitivity, biocompatibility

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[9]

MgO (Magnesium Oxide)

Antibacterial, wound healing, cancer therapy

High antibacterial activity, biocompatibility

Potential cytotoxicity, limited research on long-term effects

[10]

NiO (Nickel Oxide)

Cancer therapy, biosensing

High catalytic activity, biocompatibility

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[11]

CuO (Copper Oxide)

Antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, wound healing

Strong bactericidal properties, low cost

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[12]

TiO₂ (Titanium Dioxide)

Photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, biosensing, cancer therapy

High photocatalytic activity, biocompatibility

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[13]

Fe₃O₄/SiO₂ (Magnetite/Silic nanoComposite)

Drug delivery, MRI contrast agents, hyperthermia treatment

Combined magnetic and biocompatibility properties

Complex synthesis, potential toxicity

[14]

ZnO/Ag (Zinc Oxide/Silver NanoComposite)

Antimicrobial, wound healing, cancer therapy

Enhanced antibacterial activity, biocompatibility

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[15]

ZnO/CuO Nanocomposite

Antibacterial, wound healing

Enhanced antibacterial activity, Cytocompatibility

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[16]

ZnO/CuO Nanoparticles

Wound dressing, bactericidal

Enhanced antibacterial activity, Cytocompatibility

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[17]

ZnO–CuO nanocomposites encapsulated calcium and carbon

Antimicrobial properties

Enhanced antibacterial activity against non-MDR and MDR skin pathogens.

Molecular studies

[18]

ZnO/C/Ca nanocomposites

Antimicrobial properties

Enhanced antibacterial activity against skin ulcer pathogens

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[19]

Copper oxide nanoparticles

Wound dressing activity

Cytocompatibility with strong bactericidal properties for wound dressing material

Potential toxicity, stability issues

[20]